18 Ways for Kids to Practice Spelling Words

18 Ways for Kids to Practice Spelling Words Every week your youngster is probably going to get back home with a spelling word list in which they will have a test toward the week's end. It’s their business to consider and gain proficiency with the words, yet essentially taking a gander at them isn’t going to work. They will require a few devices to assist them with recollecting the words. Here are 18 imaginative and intelligent approaches to work on spelling words. Make a Spelling Word Origami Fortune Teller These are otherwise called Cootie Catchers. It’s sufficiently simple to make spelling word Cootie Catchers and having your youngster illuminate the word boisterous is useful for sound-related students. Make and Use a â€Å"Word Catcher These changed flyswatters can be a ton of enjoyable to utilize. Give your kid a duplicate of their spelling words and you may be astonished to perceive that they are so eager to begin smacking the words in all the books, magazines, banners, and papers in the house. Attractive Letters, Alphabet Blocks, or Scrabble Pieces Similarly as saying the words for all to hear can support a sound-related student, truly constructing the words can be useful for progressively visual students. Simply remember you may require more than one lot of attractive letters to spell all the words. Make Your Own Crossword Puzzle Fortunately there are free online apparatuses like Discovery Educations puzzlemaker program to assist you with making puzzles. You should simply type in the word list. Utilize Sensory Play A few children learn better when every one of their faculties are included. Doing things like splashing shaving cream on the table and letting your youngster follow their words in it or having them keep in touch with them with a stick in the soil can help concrete the words in their memory. Play Spelling Word Memory There are several different ways to do this. You can make two arrangements of cheat sheets with the spelling words-it’s a smart thought to compose each set in an alternate shading or you can make one set with the words and one with the definition. From that point onward, it’s played simply like some other Memory game. Follow the Words in Rainbow Colors This is a minor departure from the old â€Å"write your words ten times† schoolwork. Your kid can follow each word again and again to recall the request for the letters for each word. At long last, however, it’s much prettier than a straightforward word list. Let Your Child Text the Words to You Along these lines to work on spelling words depends, obviously, on whether your kid has a mobile phone and what the arrangement incorporates. With boundless messaging, however, it’s simple enough for you to get the content, right the spelling if fundamental, and send back an emoji. Use Sandpaper Letters to Make Spelling Word Rubbings In spite of the fact that it requires a little prep work, this is a great method to rehearse the words. When you have a lot of sandpaper letter stencils, your kid can organize each word, place a bit of paper over it, and make a scouring with pencil or colored pencils. Make Word Searches This, as well, is an action that is simple enough with online assets. SpellingCity.com is an incredible site that permits you to make word looks and make different exercises for your kid. Play Hangman Executioner is an incredible go-to game with regards to spelling words. On the off chance that you have your youngster utilize a duplicate of their spelling show, it will be simpler for them to limit which word you’re utilizing. Keep in mind, you can generally utilize the definition as a hint! Make up a Spelling Word Song It might sound senseless, yet there’s a distinct association among music and proficiency. In the event that you and your kid are imaginative, you can make your own senseless tune. For the less musically-slanted, have a go at setting the words to the tune of â€Å"Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star† or another nursery rhyme tune. Play the â€Å"Add-A-Letter† Game This game is a pleasant method to cooperate with your youngster. One of you begins composing the spelling word on the paper by keeping in touch with one letter. The following one includes the following letter. Since many word records incorporate words that start with similar sounds, it might be trying to realize which word your game accomplice began composing. Compose a Story Using Each Spelling Word Numerous instructors request that understudies do this with their spelling words for schoolwork, yet you can include a curve by giving your kid a theme to compose or recount to a tale about. For instance, challenge her to compose a tale about zombies utilizing every one of their words. Feature the Words in the Newspaper Give your kid a highlighter and a heap of papers and time them to perceive to what extent it takes for them to discover and feature all the words on their rundown. Play a â€Å"What Letter Is Missing?† Game Somewhat not the same as Hangman and like the Add-a-Letter game, this game is played by composing or composing the words, however leaving a clear space of two for key letters. Your youngster should place in the right letters. This works especially well to rehearse the vowel sounds. Act Them Out Basically this is playing the game Charades with your child’s spelling words. You can do it two or three different ways give your youngster a rundown of the words and have them surmise which one you are carrying on or placed all the words in a bowl, have them pick one and request that they demonstration it out. Put Them in ABC Order While ordering the rundown won’t fundamentally help your kid figure out how to spell every individual word, it will assist them with perceiving the words and, for certain kids, simply moving the strips (on which each word is composed) around can assist them with keeping the word in their visual memory.

Working Students Free Essays

In instructive foundations, achievement is estimated by scholastic execution, or how well an understudy satisfies guidelines set out by neighborhood government and the establishment itself. As vocation rivalry becomes perpetually wild in the working scene, the significance of understudies doing admirably in school has grabbed the eye of guardians, lawmakers and government training divisions the same. Understand more: Define Academic Performance | eHow. We will compose a custom exposition test on Working Students or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now com http://www. ehow. com/about_4740750_define-scholastic execution. html#ixzz2NEVziRNN Significance Although training isn't the main street to achievement in the working scene, much exertion is made to recognize, assess, follow and support the advancement of understudies in schools. Guardians care about their child’s scholarly execution since they accept great scholastic outcomes will give more profession decisions and employer stability. Schools, however put resources into encouraging great scholarly propensities for a similar explanation, are likewise frequently impacted by worries about the school’s notoriety and the chance of fiscal guide from government organizations, which can rely on the general scholastic presentation of the school. State and government branches of training are accused of improving schools, thus devise strategies for estimating accomplishment so as to make plans for development. History * before, scholarly execution was frequently estimated more by ear than today. Teachers’ perceptions made up the main part of the evaluation, and today’s summation, or numerical, technique for deciding how well an understudy is performing is a genuinely ongoing creation. Evaluating frameworks appeared in America in the late Victorian time frame, and were at first condemned because of high subjectivity. Various instructors esteemed various parts of learning more profoundly than others, and albeit some normalization was endeavored so as to make the framework all the more reasonable, the issue proceeded. Today, changes have been made to consolidate separation for individual students’ capacities, and investigation of substitute strategies for estimating execution is progressing. Full-content training books, articles, diaries at Questia. www. Questia. com/Education Function * The following of scholarly execution satisfies various purposes. Regions of accomplishment and disappointment in a student’s scholastic vocation should be assessed so as to cultivate improvement and utilize the learning procedure. Results give a system to discussing how understudies admission in school, and a consistent standard to which all understudies are held. Execution results likewise permit understudies to be positioned and arranged on a scale that is numerically self-evident, limiting protests by considering educators and schools responsible for the segments of every single evaluation. Highlights * Performance in school is assessed in various ways. For normal evaluating, understudies show their insight by stepping through composed and oral examinations, performing introductions, turning in schoolwork and partaking in class exercises and conversations. Educators assess as letter or number evaluations and side notes, to depict how well an understudy has done. At the state level, understudies are assessed by their exhibition on government sanctioned tests designed for explicit ages and dependent on a lot of accomplishments understudies in each age bunch are relied upon to meet. Contemplations The subjectivity of scholarly execution assessment has reduced as of late, however it has not been completely wiped out. It may not be conceivable to completely expel subjectivity from the present assessment techniques, since most are one-sided toward understudies that react best to conventional instructing strategies. Government sanctioned testing is best reacted to by understudies that exceed expectations in perusing, arithmetic and test-taking, an expertise that isn't in itself demonstrative of scholastic worth. The tests reward visual students, and give zero chance for sensation or sound-related students to show their capacities. The state sanctioned test neglects to perceive understudies with learning and physical incapacities that don't permit them to finish the test in a similar way or measure of time as different understudies. Assessments from homeroom instructors, however they give the most nitty gritty data, may at present hold predisposition if singular separation and learning styles have not been considered. Understand more: Define Academic Performance | eHow. com http://www. ehow. com/about_4740750_define-scholarly execution. html#ixzz2NEXuduq0 Working understudies Presentation Numerous undergrads today work low maintenance. Work during school could improve grades if working advances viewpoints that compare with scholastic achievement, for example, innovation or time the executives abilities, or rather decrease reviews by diminishing time and vitality accessible for homework. Something else, working may be related with scholastic execution, yet not legitimately impact it, if imperceptibly understudy contrasts impact both work gracefully and grades. Unmotivated understudies may neither work for pay nor get passing marks since they put little exertion into the work market or school. Interestingly, understudies uninterested in scholastics may work extended periods of time that would some way or another have been committed to recreation. Understudies may misconstrue the connection between school accomplishment and future income when settling on work flexibly choices. Provided that this is true, getting a reliable gauge of how such choices influence scholarly execution is tentatively significant for arrangement thought. An understudy alludes to somebody who is officially occupied with learning, particularly the person who is taken on a school or school. You would call an individual an understudy in the event that the person is a student. Business at that point relates to employments, work, calling, and so on. W would you at that point characterize ‘working student’? On another person’s mind, they would consider it an understudy who participates in learning and working simultaneously. It doesn't make a difference what nature of work it would be. Numerous undergrads today work low maintenance. Their explanation behind working is for the most part because of the way that they come up short on the money related help they need. Few would reason out that they just required the additional salary for individual recreation. Guardians would ordinarily bolster their youngster for their instruction. In Step by step instructions to refer to Working Students, Papers

what weve been up to recently

what we’ve been up to recently We haven’t been blogging as much as we’d like to. Senior fall and even this winter break have been so, so busy between the job hunt from September November, and then grad school applications from November now.   We don’t have time right now to write something too substantial, so in attempt to not fall off the face of the blogs, here is a list, in no particular order, of things we’ve been up to recently:   Studying for the GRE   Retaking the GRE ten days ago (and doing a little better than the first time! woot!)   Watching Cats with our friend from high school! We actually really liked a lot of the songs, and dance numbers. Memory was amazing, and the second big number, The Naming of Cats, was super cool and spooky sounding! We both forgot to take our glasses to the theater, so we literally didn’t notice any of the supposedly awful CGI lol, and hence mostly just focused on the music. We think that made our experience better than our friend’s, who left the theater in a trance, repeatedly saying “what the f” Working WAY too long on updating and changing the formats of our portfolios. Like literally 100+ hours at this point Going to the beach a couple times   Going to pilates with our mom a couple times Going on lots of walks  Dogsitting our mom’s friend’s hyper energetic dog. Like, he would go absolutely berserk outside on walks. Actually let’s rephrase: he would go absolutely berserk outside on runs, if that says anything. He was super cute though so we mostly didn’t mind (except the two times when he almost caught a bird) Watching Steven Universe Future! It’s been so good so far! Our favorite episode so far is Volleyball ??   Watching season 4 My Hero Academia! Miriooo and Eriiiii ?????? That’s about it. We are really hoping to be able to blog more during IAP and next semester! Till then!

Strategies for Hiring a Teacher

Because teachers can make or break a school, the process used to hire them is critical to a schools overall success. A building principal typically plays some sort of role in the hiring of a new teacher. Some principals are a part of a committee that interviews and decides who to hire, while others interview potential candidates individually. In either case, its important that the necessary steps are taken to hire the right person for the job. Hiring a new teacher is a process and should not be rushed. There are important steps that should be taken when looking for a new teacher. Here are a few of them.   Understand Your Needs Every school has their own needs when it comes to hiring a new teacher and its important that the person or people in charge of hiring understand exactly what those are. Examples of specific needs might include certification, flexibility, personality, experience, curriculum, and, most importantly, the individual philosophy of the school or district. Understanding these needs before you begin the interview process allows those in charge to have a better idea of what you are looking for. This can help create a list of interview questions catered to these needs.   Post an Ad It is important that you get as many candidates as possible. The larger the pool, the more likely it will be that you will have at least one candidate that meets all of your needs. Post ads on your school website, in each of the local newspapers, and in any educational publications in your state. Be as detailed as possible in your advertisements. Be sure to give a contact, a deadline for submission, and a list of qualifications.   Sort Through Resumes Once your deadline has passed, quickly scan each resume for key words, skills, and types of experiences that fit your needs. Try to get as much information about each individual candidate from their resume before you begin the interview process. If you are comfortable with doing so, pre-rank each candidate based on the information in their resume before interviewing. Interview Qualified Candidates Invite your top candidates to come in for interviews. How you conduct these is up to you; some people are comfortable doing a non-scripted interview, while others prefer a specific script to guide the interview process. Try to get a feel for your candidates personality, experience, and what sort of teacher they will be. Do not rush through your interviews. Start with small talk. Take the time to get to know them. Encourage them to ask questions. Be open and honest with each candidate. Ask tough questions if necessary. Take Comprehensive Notes Start taking notes on each candidate as you go through resumes. Add to those notes during the interview itself. Jot down anything that is relevant to the list of needs that you created before beginning the process. Later on, you will add to your notes when you check each candidate’s references. Taking great notes on each candidate is essential for  hiring the right person and its especially important if you have a long list of candidates to interview over the course of several days and even weeks. It may be hard to remember everything about the first few candidates if you do not take comprehensive notes. Narrow the Field After you have completed all the initial interviews, you will need to review all notes and narrow down the list of candidates to your top 3-4. You will want to invite these top candidates back for a second interview. Re-Interview With Assistance In the second interview, consider bringing in another employee such as the  district’s superintendent or even a committee made up of several stakeholders. Instead of giving your co-workers too much background before the interview, its best to allow them to formulate their own opinions about each candidate. This will ensure that each candidate will be evaluated without your personal bias influencing the other interviewers decision. After all the top candidates have been interviewed, you can discuss each candidate with the other persons who interviewed, seeking their input and perspective. Put Them on the Spot If possible, ask the candidates to prepare a short, ten-minute lesson to teach to a group of students. If it is during the summer and students are not available, you can have them give their lesson the group of stakeholders in the second interview round. This will allow you to see a brief snapshot of how they handle themselves in the classroom and perhaps provide you with a better feel for what kind of teacher they are. Call All References Checking references can be another valuable tool in evaluating a candidate. This is especially effective for teachers with experience. Contacting their former principal(s) can provide you with important information that you may not be able to get from an interview.   Rank the Candidates and Make an Offer You should have plenty of information after following all the previous steps to make someone a job offer. Rank each candidate according to which one you believe best fits your school’s needs. Review each resume and all of your notes, taking the other interviewee’s thoughts into consideration as well. Call your first choice and offer them a job. Do not call any other candidates until they accept the job and sign a contract. This way, if your first choice does not accept the offer, you will be able to move to the next candidate on the list. After you have hired a new teacher, be professional and call each candidate, letting them know that the position has been filled.

Essay on Massachusetts Health Reform - 1386 Words

Massachusetts Health Reform In 2006 the state of Massachusetts wanted to help its millions of citizens who were uninsured. The state legislators as well as the governor put into place a plan to help citizens get insurance. A law was passed to reform insurance in Massachusetts, which was known as Chapter 58 of the Acts of 2006 of the Massachusetts General Court; its long form title is An Act Providing Access to Affordable, Quality, Accountable Health Care. The newly enacted law decreed that almost all of Massachusetts’ residents obtain a minimum level of insurance coverage. It also gave free health care insurance for Massachusetts residents that earned less than 150 percent of the federal poverty level. It also decreed that all†¦show more content†¦The rising costs of unpaid emergency room expenditures were an issue that had to be addressed by state authorities. EMTALA required that all persons be treated, however, it did not include any legislation to reimburse payment that left hospital left wi th unpaid bills and growing expenses. The state of Massachusetts had a tax set up to help pay for the expenses of the uninsured emergency room visits. The tax was known as Uncompensated Care Pool, and nicknamed free care pool. It also covered uninsured hospital admissions and community health centers. The free pool care was always underfunded and was raised annually. An MIT professor determined that the amount of money in the free pool care would be enough to fund reform legislation without needing to raise any more taxes or have additional funding. Another issue was the fact the large employers that received self-insurance were progressively giving up health insurance as an employee benefit. They also mandated that only full-time employees would be eligible for the insurance benefit. These issues among others are why advocacy groups and state legislators felt very strongly that some kind of health insurance reform was necessary. The actual statute consisted of key provisions, one o f which was the employer Fair Share Contribution and Free Rider Surcharge. Another was a requirement that each individual must have proof of coverageShow MoreRelatedPositive And Negative Effects Of The Massachusetts Health Care Insurance Reform Act2274 Words   |  10 Pagesto improve overall healthcare, the state of Massachusetts implemented the Health Care Insurance Reform Act. This paper looks at the positive and negative effects of the Massachusetts Health Care Insurance Reform Act (MHRA). Using a literature review of public health studies ranging from 2009-2012, I argue that there are both positive and negative effects of the Massachusetts Health Care Insurance Reform. While the Massachusetts Reform increased health insurance coverage for all citizens and decreasedRead MoreThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)1660 Words   |  7 PagesProtection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is one of the most substantial reforms in Medicare since 1965. This is now consid ered the law of the land according to Douglas Holtz-Eaton. The PPACA portrays a â€Å"coverage first† strategy. â€Å"Sadly, a review a of the state’s experience bodes poorly for the future of national reform.† (Point/Counterpoint 177) There are two major driving factors in which could propose a threat for this reform. The first factor is it costs too much. Many decades ago, healthcareRead MoreThe Effects Of Universal Health Insurance Mandate On The Massachusetts Labor Market1372 Words   |  6 Pagesthe universal health insurance mandate in the Massachusetts labor market. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) model, this study focuses on the co-evolution of insurance coverage and labor markets. One found that under the recent legislation, workers from firms of varying sizes demonstrate different patterns with regards to obtaining insurance coverage. While employer-sponsored health insurance is designed to be the primary source of coverage for Massachusetts residents under reform, two legal loopholesRead MoreThe Massachusetts Of Massachusetts893 Words   |  4 PagesThe Massachusetts Experiment Massachusetts has undergone many changes in their health care system since enacting a universal health care law in 1988. The effects of the Massachusetts health care laws are a good indicator of what people should expect from the enactment of the ACA. The multiple health care reforms in Massachusetts were in an attempt to increase health care coverage while still maintaining financial stability. Background Massachusetts began its health care reform in 1988. Under theRead MoreThe Massachusetts Health Care System1563 Words   |  7 Pagesfocuses on analyzing the Massachusetts health care system. Specifically it addresses how the 2006 health care reform law sought to increase health insurance coverage for the uninsured, underinsured, children, young adults, and low income residents. Its desire was for universal coverage for all its residents, and that it would be both reasonably priced and of value. The Law addressed need to decrease the barriers to health care, such as racial disparities, and overall health care costs while increasingRead MoreThe Massachusetts Health Mandate And The Role Of Health1878 Words   |  8 Pages THE MASSACHUSETTS HEALTH MANDATE AND THE ROLE OF HEALTH INSURANCE INTRODUCTION In 2006, the state of Massachusetts set out to close the gap in the number of uninsured citizens within its borders. The number of uninsured non-elderly adults in the state was nearly 17% (Chandra, 2011a). The same author said executives in the state realized the growing problemRead MoreThe Massachusetts Health Care System2396 Words   |  10 Pagesanalyzing the Massachusetts health care system. Specifically it addresses how the 2006 health care reform law sought to provide health insurance coverage for the uninsured, underinsured, children, young adults, and low income residents. In addition it diminished the demand side rationing that was occurring in Massachusetts. Its desire was for universal coverage, and would be both reasonably priced and of intrinsic value. The law addressed the need to decrease barriers to health care, such as racialRead MoreThe Massachusetts Health Care Act Of 2006922 Words   |  4 Pages The Massachusetts Health Care Act of 2006 was an attempt to gi ve healthcare to all of the residents of Massachusetts. The law mandated that nearly every resident of Massachusetts obtain a minimum level of insurance coverage, provided free health care insurance for residents earning less than 150% of the federal poverty level and mandated employers with more than 10 full-time employees to provide healthcare insurance. The law was amended significantly in 2008 and twice in 2010 to make it consistentRead MoreEssay about The Impact of The Affordable Care Act1660 Words   |  7 Pagesalways had a realization that there was a problem with obtaining affordable health insurance. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) also known as Obamacare, was signed into law in March 2010. This law enables people who were unable to afford healthcare the ability to obtain a healthcare plan at an affordable rate. In 2009 a survey was taken as to the amount of people in the United States that carried health insurance. In table one below you can see over 50 million people in the UnitedRead MoreImproving Access Of Healthcare1156 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States, health insurance expansion and market reforms have focused on increasing the access of healthcare. For instance the passing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010 focuses on the expansion of affordable quality health care to millions of uninsured. The act requires that all Americans purchase a private health care plan or enroll in a government funded insurance program. The often repeated argument in favor of expanding health care coverage is that

Acct451 Week 3 Free Essays

Companies Should not be Held Liable for Losses Sustained in a Successful Attack Made on Their AIS by Outside Sources. ACCT451 2013 I argue against the statement† Companies should not be held liable for losses sustained in a successful attack made on their AIS by outside sources. † There are several reasons for my contention. We will write a custom essay sample on Acct451 Week 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Accounting Information Systems has been used by businesses to improve their recording, processing, and reporting of accounting information. At the same time it is the responsibility of the companies to adequately protect their information systems from outside sources. Since, the company benefits and consequently profits from the use of accounting information system, it should bear the losses that arise from attacks on the accounting information system. The argument in favor of the contention is that the accounting information system not only processes financial transactions to provide internal reports to managers but also does external reporting to outside parties such as stockowners, government and lenders. Since, it is essential that the accounting information system should be accessed by outsiders the system is particularly vulnerable to outside attacks (1). Still the onus of the security of its accounting information system clearly lies with the company and not with anyone else. It is a part of the business risk of a company. Consider the following example, a company maintains five distribution centers throughout the country. Each of these distribution centers may be attacked by robbers and looted. Who bears the loss? It is part of the business risk. The company cannot refuse to bear the losses. Similarly, if a company truck carrying goods to or from the company premises is attacked by robbers and is plundered, the company is responsible for the loss. It is another matter that the company may take out an insurance and the insurance company makes good the losses. However, the fact remains that the company pays premium for insurance and had there been no insurance, the company would have been forced to pay for the losses (2). The current accounting information systems bring tremendous benefits to companies. These generate several types of useful reports for the company, the company does not have to employ clerks to manually process accounting data, with a touch of a button information is generated, there are tremendous savings in costs, there is automatic payment and generation of important accounting documents, and there is efficiency in processing information. These benefits reduce costs for the companies and improve efficiency but come at a cost. One of the elements of the cost is that the accounting information system may be attacked from outside sources. Since the company enjoys these benefits, it must suffer the costs ( loss because of outside attack). A firm whose warehouses get destroyed by hurricanes do not absolve themselves of their losses because the hurricane is an outside source. Similarly, during war the premises of a firm may get bombed or hit by a missile, yet the company has to bear the loss (3). If an accounting information system is hit by outside sources there is a danger of fraud, virus attacks, or hackers. These risks have to be borne by the business as a part of its normal business risks. Further it is the responsibility of the company to maintain the highest level of security for its accounting information system. The physical security should be fool proof, authentication system should be the most advanced, virus protection should be the latest, and backup should be done at a safe place outside the premises. Such measures are required to ensure that attacks on the accounting information system like identity theft and loss of irreplaceable data do not take place. There are some institutions that are particularly vulnerable to outside attacks. For instance, the banks are vulnerable to outside attacks where the attackers seek to pilfer money using confidential information. In such cases, higher levels of authentication, and information security should be used. The fact that banks and financial institutions provide accounting information system based services, is a source of profits, these institutions are responsible for losses sustained by them (4). One of the most important features of most accounting information systems is the controls over the system and the security measures that the company implements If the company is not held responsible for the losses sustained by it because of outside attacks the company will avoid its responsibility for controls and security. It is also important that the quality of software used, the backup of data, and the people who are authorized to access the accounting information system are checked and tested. If the company is not held responsible for losses because of outside attacks the company will become lax in its essential functions related to the accounting information system. References: (1)Accounting Information Systems, Ulric J. Gelinas, Richard B. Dull E8 Cengage Learning, 2009 (2)Accounting Information Systems James A. Hall E6, Cengage Learning, 2008 (3)Accounting Information Systems Marshall B. Romney, Paul John Steinbart E10, Prentice Hall, 2005 (4)Information System Management, Ankita Bansal, Gyan Publishing House, 2002 How to cite Acct451 Week 3, Papers

One Mans Struggle To Stay Alive Essays - , Term Papers

One Man's Struggle To Stay Alive One Man's Struggle to Stay Alive Over the years John Sidney McCain, the white haired Senator from Arizona has survived many things. He has endured three plane crashes, a firestorm at sea, and a North Vietnamese prison camp, to emerge as a major player in the national political scene. The Vietnam War had a significant impact on Senator McCain. McCain spent five and a half years in North Vietnamese prisons, thirty-one months in solitary and was brutally tortured. Yet, almost immediately upon his release in 1973, he began putting Vietnam behind him. This lighthearted man has rarely lost sight of what he has called ?the shadow of Vietnam? (Timberg 12). Due to his continuing contributions to the United States, John McCain has become a true American hero and would make an excellent president for our country. . John McCain grew up in a family rich with Navy heritage. John McCain's grandfather was one of the navy's greatest commanders and led the strongest aircraft carrier force of the Third Fleet. McCain's father who was a submarine commander during World War II was equally distinguished by heroic service in the navy. Both McCain's father and grandfather rose to the rank of four-star admiral, making the McCain's the first family in American history to achieve that distinction. John McCain III followed in his grandfather and father's footsteps when he entered the U.S. Navy Academy in 1951. McCain struggled during his four years at the academy, but in June 1954, he graduated with 899 other young men. The Class of '58 had been whittled down by 25 percent. Of the 899 who endured the four years at the U.S. Navel Academy, John McCain was one of them, standing fifth from the bottom. The Navel Academy was very rigid for McCain, but even as a teenager, he showed presidential traits, perseverance b eing one of them. This feature is extremely important for John McCain if he wants to be the man to lead our country. John McCain continued to press on and in August 1958, McCain reported to flight school at Pensacola were he would begin his Navy career. Little did McCain know that his quick thinking would be tested not just once, but three times during his flying. One Saturday morning, as McCain was practicing landings, his engine quit and his plane plunged into Corpus Christi Bay. McCain survived with minor injuries but that would be his first of many brushes with death (Norman). The fall of 1965, John McCain had his second encounter with death where again, his quick thinking would save him. He was flying solo to Philadelphia to watch the Army-Navy game when his engine died. At one thousand feet, he ejected, landing on a deserted beach moments before the plane slammed into a clump of trees. McCain's perseverance and quick thinking has been tested and both times, he has shown true leadership qualities that every president needs (Norman). Once again, John McCain's skills would be tested. On July 29, 1967, he was where he wanted to be, on the flight deck of a Navy Aircraft. Before taking off to bomb Hanoi, McCain was going through his preflight checks, when a stray voltage from his plane blew apart the exterior fuel tank on McCain's bomber. Two hundred gallons of highly flammable gas streamed onto the flight deck engulfing everything in its path. McCain still strapped in the cockpit of his plane was surrounded in a gulf of flames. McCain, quickly jumping out of his plane onto the flight deck, escaped just before the burning fuel set fire to his plane. When it was all over, 134 men were dead, missing, or injured. McCain and the other pilots in his squadron lost all hope in fighting the Vietnam War. All hope was restored when another Air Carrier had been losing pilots and where looking for volunteers to fill the ranks. John McCain signed on to the new squadron (Timberg). John McCain's new assignment had finally come on October 26, 1967, when he took flight to Vietnam to bomb a power plant in Hanoi. Little did McCain know that Hanoi was now more heavily defended against air attacks than any other city

Badass College Dorm Checklist

Badass College Dorm Checklist Disclaimer: if you’re looking for a more conventional dorm room checklist this isn’t it. We’re going to give you the checklist you would get from a senior (or super-duper senior) instead of a college administrator or your parents. There’s all kinds of those online and the college will send you an orthodox checklist along with your initial paperwork anyways. Nearly all of the stuff we left out you’ll end up getting from the college store/bookstore so it’s not like you need to get them beforehand so you show up with all this crap. Let’s get to it. World-Class Slippers Bath Robe Honestly, these have to be at the top of the list. Dorm life can be a bit dirty, more-so for the guys than the girls but that’s life. Don’t go with a cheap pair of slippers! Invest in a quality pair that will keep your feet safe, comfy, be perfect for lounging around and last for a while. That goes for the robe as well. Robes are awesome. Bathroom robes are stupendous for dorm life, especially when you get a high-brow debonair robe that looks cool when you’re just bumming around going from room to room. The Art Sure, you could be another person with posters on their wall, or nothing at all. Or, you could think ahead to the type of ambience you want your side of the room or your own solo room to project. Is it going to be a room people want to hang out in, or stay out of? What type of personality do you want to project to people? Don’t take dorm room art lightly. The Headphones If you’re going to be sharing the room with one, two or three people then make sure you’ve got a quality pair of headphones that will completely block out background noise. This is an imperative. Headphones are like a sanctuary that can save the day many times over when it counts: cram sessions on weekend nights or when people are doing things in the room you would rather not be aware of. The Bedding Go for high class bedding! It’s likely going to be the only bedding you sleep in for at least the next four to six years. The chances you’ll go out and buy more pillow cases, a comforter, sheets, etc. is pretty small. Make’em extra comfy so that you get quality sleep. Yes sleep, it’s so incredibly important in college it’s not even funny. The Wardrobe Don’t show up in the same clothes you’ve been wearing since middle school. You’ll reek of freshmen from head to toe. Plus, clothing stores in college towns are either really expensive or horrible style-wise. Think ahead. Plan to gain a little weight. Start mind-mapping your wardrobe now so it doesn’t become an issue mid-stream so to speak. The Keep-Sakes Yes, by all means have some nic-naks and keepsakes from home but remember that 90% of the time nothing in a shared dorm room is safe. Stuff can go missing at any time unless it’s literally locked up. If you’re in a single room, then that’s different but there will be times when you forget to lock your door or whatever. Things happen. The Alternative Lighting Lighting. Oh boy. It becomes a dynamic problem with dorm rooms where the default lighting is institutional and you may have boot camp-style bedding arrangements. Again, think ahead. You’re going to need a quality desk lamp that you can move around or point away from roomies. And, you’re going to need a reading light you can hook to your books unless you plan to read everything online. A Godly PC Well, not every major requires a hardcore PC but these days it’s a good idea to come packing a versatile and powerful PC. You can go for either a more mobile product like a notebook or tablet, or you can go old school and have a desktop. Whatever works best for you just make sure it’s a quality piece of equipment that’s going to last, be dependable and be something you can keep safe and secure. The Hygiene Products Listen, you don’t want to rely on the college store or bookstore for your hygiene products. You just don’t. Not typically. Maybe some private universities have a steady supply of the good stuff but most public four year universities sport the cheap stuff. It’s freshmen fodder. Do yourself a favor and bring a good supply of quality product that will last a bit. That way you can order as you need to online. That about sums it up folks. I mean you can add all kinds of stuff. The items on this page are the foundational all-important items. What do you think, did we miss anything?

Basic Facts Everyone Should Know About Clouds

Basic Facts Everyone Should Know About Clouds Clouds may look like big, fluffy marshmallows in the sky, but in reality, they are visible collections of tiny water droplets (or ice crystals, if its cold enough) that live high in the atmosphere above the Earths surface. Here, we discuss the science of clouds: how they form, move, and change color.   Formation Clouds form when a parcel of air rises from the surface up into the atmosphere. As the parcel ascends, it passes through lower and lower pressure levels (pressure decreases with height). Recall that air tends to move from higher to lower pressure areas, so as the parcel travels into lower pressure areas, the air inside of it pushes outward, causing it to expand. This expansion uses heat energy, and therefore cools the air parcel. The farther upward it travels, the more it cools. When its temperature cools to that of its dew point temperature, the water vapor inside of the parcel condenses into droplets of liquid water. These droplets then collect on the surfaces of dust, pollen, smoke, dirt, and sea salt particles called nuclei. (These nuclei are hygroscopic, meaning they attract water molecules.) It is at this point- when water vapor condenses and settles onto condensation nuclei- that clouds form and become visible. Shape Have you ever watched a cloud long enough to see it expanding outward, or looked away for a moment only to find that when you look back its shape has changed? If so, youll be glad to know it isnt your imagination. The shapes of clouds are ever-changing thanks to the processes of condensation and evaporation. After a cloud forms, condensation doesnt stop. This is why we sometimes notice clouds expanding into the neighboring sky. But as currents of warm, moist air continue to rise and feed condensation, drier air from the surrounding environment eventually infiltrates the buoyant column of air in a process called entrainment. When this drier air is introduced into the cloud body, it evaporates the clouds droplets and causes parts of the cloud to dissipate. Movement Clouds start out high up in the atmosphere because thats where theyre created, but they remain suspended thanks to the tiny particles they contain. A clouds water droplets or ice crystals are very small, less than a micron (thats less than one-millionth of a meter). Because of this, they respond very slowly to gravity. To help visualize this concept, consider a rock and a feather. Gravity affects each, however the rock falls quickly whereas the feather gradually drifts to the ground because of its lighter weight. Now compare a feather and an individual cloud droplet particle; the particle will take even longer than the feather to fall, and because of the particles tiny size, the slightest movement of air will keep it aloft. Because this applies to each cloud droplet, it applies to the entire cloud itself. Clouds travel with the upper-level winds. They move at the same speed and in the same direction as the prevailing wind at the clouds level (low, middle, or high). High-level clouds are among the fastest moving because they form near the top of the troposphere and are pushed by the jet stream. Color A clouds color is determined by the light it receives from the Sun. (Recall that the Sun emits white light; that white light is made up of all the colors in the visible spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet; and that each color in the visible spectrum represents an electromagnetic wave of a different length.) The process works like this: As the Suns lightwaves pass through the atmosphere and clouds, they meet the individual water droplets that make up a cloud. Because the water droplets have a similar size as the wavelength of sunlight, the droplets scatter the Suns light in a type of scattering known as Mie scattering in which all wavelengths of light are scattered. Because all wavelengths are scattered, and together all colors in the spectrum make up white light, we see white clouds. In the case of thicker clouds, such as stratus, sunlight passes through but is blocked. This gives the cloud a grayish appearance.

Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizations - Essay Example Where a mechanistic organization focuses on the parts that make the whole, organic organizations focus on the whole itself. With less focus on hierarchy and more concern with across-the-board contribution to a common concern, organic organizations tend to be much more collaborative. I think the dynamic nature of today’s markets will favor the organic organization over the mechanistic, and that the organic form will be the predominant form in the 21st Century. 2. Discuss generic organizational design including defender, prospector, analyzer, and reactor organizations. Offer examples of the different organizations where you have worked that adopted these designs. Which type do you believe would best fit a criminal justice organization, and why? The generic organizational design theory sets forth four broad categories to describe the nature of a company. The â€Å"defender† has more of an institutional relationship to a market or community as it uses its organizational control to ensure efficiency of production and distribution. Examples of this type of organization include McDonalds, IBM, or other standardized manufacturers. The â€Å"prospector† organization, as the name implies, is focused upon the identification of new opportunities and finding ways to take advantage of them. Their operations tend to be less standardizes, more diverse, and multi-process oriented. Probably any and all of the Dotcoms would be considered in the prospector category. â€Å"Analyzer† organizations tend to bridge the concepts of the defender and prospector; developing new opportunities at the institutional level while maintaining a traditional base approach to customers and products. The analyzer organization tends to comb ine standardized and innovative elements into efficiency and stability. I think the LAPD is the best example of this type of

United Nations and International Human Rights Essay

United Nations and International Human Rights - Essay Example The protection of these rights by the UN however has been criticized as inadequate and inefficient, especially with reports of human rights violations by international as well as private actors and parties. This paper shall discuss the effectiveness of the UN in the protection of human rights. Specifically, the UN’s effectiveness in ensuring the people’s freedom from torture and oppression shall be evaluated in this paper, with particular reference to relevant case and incidents in the international scene. Body The United Nations was established in 1945 in order to establish and ensure international cooperation and coordination in the resolution of economic, political, social, as well as humanitarian issues; it was also established to ensure that respect is allocated for human rights and that freedom of all individuals regardless of their race, gender, religion, and language is protected1. In order to specifically establish the principles in the protection of human righ ts, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in 1948. Through this declaration, various standards and norms for the protection of human rights norms have been established2. However, even with these declarations, serious human rights violations have been seen in various parts of the globe. ... In 2006, the Human Rights Council replaced the Commission of Human Rights4. This council as well as the treaty passed established obligations for states to implement in their own lands in order to support the international mandates. From such show of support, the first steps towards the effective implementation of these treaties were already considered. The Rwanda Genocide in 1994 led to the deaths of 800,000 Rwandans in the span of 100 days5. Years of conflict between the Hutu tribes and the Tutsi population in Rwanda culminated into 100 days of torture and killing in the country. The country was plunged into a political and economic crisis upon the death of the Hutu President Habyarimana in 1994 and his death served as the spur for the killing of Tutsis by the Hutus6. The Tutsis were targeted in an effort to cleanse the Rwandan population7. In the midst of the civilian killings, the UN withdrew its forces from Rwanda, thereby allowing the genocide and human rights violations to per sist8. The UN was in the perfect position to protect the human rights of the Rwandans, but it did not protect such position. It seemed to appear that the UN was more concerned about suffering another failed attempt at peacekeeping, considering its recent experience of failure in Somalia9. As a result of its prudence, hundreds more would die in Rwanda. Freedom from torture and cruel treatment is considered an absolute right, one which is protected by moral laws and unspoken mandates10. Barnett argues further that the UN bears the responsibility of the Rwandan Genocide11. The UN was in the right position to manage the Rwandan crisis in a way that would have made it possible for the Security Council to consider intervention and entry into the

Literature Review Definition Of Marketing Marketing Essay

Literature Review Definition Of Marketing Marketing Essay Marketing is managing profitable customer relationships, the twofold goal of marketing is to attract new customers by promising superior value and to keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfaction (Armstrong Kotler, 2007 p. 5). People often think marketing as selling and advertising, which is just a small part of marketing. The marketer does a good job when he understands superior customer value, prices, distributes and promotes them effectively; the products will sell very easily then. This tells that selling and advertising are just a part of marketing as a marketing mix; a set of marketing tools that work together to satisfy customer needs and build customer relationships. (Armstrong Kotler, 2007 p. 5). Figure: A simple model of the marketing process Source: Armstrong G and Kotler P, (2007, p. 6). Marketing: an introduction. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Marketing mix According to Mohammed Rafiq and Pervaiz K. Ahmed (1995), the term marketing mix was first used by Borden and that it was suggested to him by Cullitons (1948) description of a business executive as mixer ingredients. Borden did not define the marketing mix; it simply consisted of important elements of ingredients that make up a marketing programme (Borden, 1965, p. 389). McCarthy (1964, p. 35) refined this further and defined the marketing mix as a combination of all of the factors at a marketing managers command to satisfy the target market. Later McCarthy and Perreault (1987) together defined the marketing mix as the controllable variables that an organisation can co-ordinate to satisfy its target market, which is widely accepted as the set of controllable marketing variables that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market (Kotler and Armstrong, 1989, p. 45). According to Jonathan Ivy (2008), marketing mix is a set of controllable marketing tools that an i nstitution uses to produce the response it wants from its various target markets. Ronald E. Goldsmith (1999) stated that 4Ps was first formulated by McCarthy (1975) as a pedagogical tool to describe the chief tasks of marketing managers. Marketing managers must develop a systematic plan to sell to the customers after selecting a target market to create long-term relationships (Doyle, 1995). The marketing mix plan consists of 4Ps which consists of decisions about product, place, promotion and price (Goldsmith, 1999). According to Bennet (1997), the concept of marketing outlines a course for the organisation using controllable variables in an environment where many factors are uncontrollable, defined as the external market. Kotler (1967) (cited by Bennet, 1997) broadened this classification into four namely, customer, environmental, competitive and marketing decision variables. Focussing on manufacturing industries, Borden (1964) identifies the four external forces on the organisation as consumer buying behaviour, trade behaviour, competitors position and behaviour and government regulations. Robins (1991) formulated four Cs which is an alternate mnemonic to the marketing mix formulated by McCarthy (1964). Four Cs are defined as Customers who buys goods and services in the market place, Competitors who provide the choice of alternative sources of supply, Capabilities and Company both of them refers to the organisation which has ability to satisfy customer needs. Gronroos (1984) proposes a concept of interactive marketing which was backed by Kotler (1991). This concept emphasizes the relationship between the employee and the customer and identifies it as the key factor in successful market making. Kotler (1991) argues that the employee-customer relationship is an important factor in the success of the market-making process. Booms and Bitner (1981) added three additional factors to the marketing mix elements proposed by McCarthy (1964) namely people, processes and physical evidence. This concept highlights that the model proposed by McCarthy (1964) might lead to too narrow focus on the internal variables, and does not include some of the process variables which is a part of marketing planning system (Bennet, 1997, p. 151). Lings (1999) argues for services industry 4Ps are in adequate and 7Ps marketing mix illustrates the importance of internal factors, as retail sector is not a service based industry traditional 4Ps marketing mix is used to represent the external factors (cite d by Khanh Kandampully, 2004). 4Ps makes the marketing easier handle for the managers in non service based industry; the components of traditional marketing mix can change a firms competitive position (Gronroos, 1994). Even with the deficiencies, the 4Ps remain a staple of the marketing mix (Kent and Brown, 2006). According to the American Marketing Association (1985), marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchange and satisfy individual and organisational objectives. Kent (1986) states that the four Ps of the marketing mix as the holy quadruple of the marketing faith written in tablets of stone. According to Armstrong and Kotler (2007) marketing mix tools are classified into four broad groups, called the four Ps of marketing: product, price, place and promotion. In order to deliver on its value proposition, the firm must first create a need-satisfying market offering (product). It must decide how much it will charge for the offer (price) and how it will make the offer available to the target customers (place). It must communicate with target customers about the offers and persuade them of its merits (promotion) (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007 p.53) Baker Hart (2008, p 463) the logic of 4Ps is straight forward; a supplier needs products, needs to price them, to promote them and distribute them to the place where the customer can buy them. According to Dogra Ghuman (2008) some of the variables associated with 4Ps are: Price: price level, credit terms, price changes and discounts. Product: features, packaging, quality and range. Promotion: advertising, publicity, sales promotion and personal selling. Place: inventory, distribution channels and number of intermediaries. Figure: The four Ps of the marketing mix Source: Armstrong G and Kotler P, (2007, p. 6). Marketing: an introduction. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Product According to Armstrong and Kotler (2007), product can be defined as the goods and services is a combination the company offers to the target market. Belohlavek (2008) argues that a product or service is the element which satisfies the clients needs. The product or service generates two types of relationships with the prospect: a functional and a linking one. The usefulness of the product bears a relationship with its benefits measured both objectively and subjectively. The products use value is fundamental to the purchasing decision process in its closing stage (Belohlavek, 2008 p.15). For a competitive approach the company has to offer products that are unique and meet customer needs, wants and values. Maintaining the product uniqueness is difficult for a company since the product can be matched by competitors. The company must often compete on price, distribution, or promotion; in order to compete unless the product is of sound quality (Rea Kerzner, 1997 p. 57). Product variety Pine (1993), product variety is defined as the number of different products offered to the customers (cited by Felipe Scavarda, Reichhart, Hamacher, Holweg, 2010). According to Bils Klenow (2001) and Er MacCarthy (2006) product variety is a new development and a trend in many industry sectors worldwide (cited by Felipe Scavarda, Schaffer, Jose Scavarda, Reis Schleich, 2009). Product variety is an effective strategy to increase the market share as it enables the company to serve different kinds of customer segments and to satisfy the customer variety seeking behaviour (Tang, 2006). This involves different product features, packaging, or channels of distribution (Felipe Scavarda, Schaffer, Jose Scavarda, Reis Schleich, 2009). Product variety strategy as a marketing strategy will result in sales growth, profits and meeting more specialised demands (Berry Cooper, 1999). Kim Chhajed (2000) argues that different kinds of product manufacturing results in a decrease in logistics perfor mance or manufacturing performance. Lee Billington (1994) also argues that product variety can result in higher forecast errors and lead to excessive inventory for some products and shortages for other products. If the product variety is to the optimal or to the appropriate level of variety, then product variety will result as economical efficient and will create positive marketing efforts (Lancaster, 1990). According to Pine (1993) and da Silveira (1998), product variety enables the ability to customise products to customer needs and has been identified in achieving competitive advantage over other retailers (cited by Felipe Scavarda, Reichhart, Hamacher, Holweg, 2010). As product variety gives a broader product line and can lead to increased profitability (Kekre and Srinivasan, 1990). Product variety gives rise to the need to consider different products of the individual product variants, as different end items that are fundamentally different do not feature the same variety level for the individual (MacDuffie et al., 1996 Koste and Malhotra, 1999). Price Belohlavek (2008) states that price is a conditioning element for buying a product; price only conditions a product but does not determine it, in accordance to the buyers income makes a monetary value of a given service or goods, which makes them reachable to the goods. Price is a factor which acts as a barrier which when reached in operational terms, thats when the last stage of purchasing action is reached. Price is an element which determines a priority relationship with the value and opportunity creating access to the customer. Kasper et al. (2000, p. 627), pricing is an important management tool to achieve the objectives of the organization. Similarly, Pellinen (2003, p.218) has suggested that pricing is one of the most central management tasks for a service company. It is also the only element of the marketing mix that generates revenues for a firm, while all the others (e.g. new product introductions, promotions) are associated with costs (Zeithaml et al., 2006) (cited by Indounas Avlonitis, 2009). Rea Kerzner (1997) argues that the easiest way to reach and compete with the competitor is to match the price with the competitor. Price is one of the most important criteria that customers use when choosing between competing brands (Huber et al., 2001; Ta and Har, 2000) (cited by Indounas Avlonitis, 2009). Price is the sum of money customers has to pay to acquire the product; often customers buy the product negotiating the price for more accessibility, companies offer discounts to customers adjusting price to sustain the competitive situation (Armstrong Kotler, 2007 p. 52). Price Discount According to Palazon Delgado (2009), Customers are price sensitive and they often look for price related information. Manning et al., (2003), they are vigilant about any information about price and other pricing information (Kukar-Kinney et al., 2007) they spend a lot of time thinking about prices of products, always evaluating savings offered and the convenience by the price discount. Customers with lower levels of price consciousness and value, they are most likely to be influenced by the magnitude of the discount (Alford Biswas, 2002) than the pecuniary value of the discount really offered. (Babin et al., 2007) customers are engaged in searching for more devoted to the task of shopping to the extent that a better price exists in another store. Hardesty Bearden (2003) and Grewal et al., (1996) claims that when the promotional benefit is low, customers are not going to process information extensively about the promotion (price discount) as it has low pecuniary value. Similarly wh en the promotional benefit is high, customers are not sure about the product or the deal they are unlikely to process information extensively as there is less uncertainty about the product. Customers are predicted to analyse the deal moderately whether the benefit are high (Palazon Delgado, 2009). Hardesty Bearden (2003) and Grewal et al., (1996) states that if the promotional benefit is low or high the levels of information processing is low, but for moderate benefit levels information process is high. Chandrashekaran (2004) and Raghubir (2004) argue that high promotional benefits are always evaluated positively. According to Madan Suri (2001) there are different types of price promotions and short term price discounts have been used by the retailers to create short term demand for their products (Monroe, 1990 p 369). Retailers can sell the products very fast without much expensive when they are offering immediate savings to the customers. Short term price discounts are easier to execute and provide immediate price savings to the customers (Madan Suri, 2001). Discounts actually increase the value to the customers and this happens at the intermediate levels of discounts and when the discounts are either very high or very low it decreases the value (Madan Suri, 2001). Promotion The most common promotion is a sale (Levy Weitz, 2007 p 433). Promotion is one of the key Ps in the marketing mix (Dibb et al., 1994). The promotion strategy is used in increasing sales by creating differences in resources which results in a firm being able to outspend a competitor in advertisement, purchase displays, trade shows and other promotional methods (Rea Kerzner, 1997 p. 58). * According to Jennifer Rowley (1998), the objectives of any promotional strategy will be drawn from an appropriate mixture of the following roles of promotion; to: increase sales; maintain or improve market share; create or improve brand recognition; create a favourable climate for future sales; inform and educate the market; create a competitive advantage, relative to competitors products or market position; improve promotional efficiency * According to Jennifer Rowley (1998), an appropriate promotional mix must be created in order to meet the promotional objectives of any given promotion strategy. The promotional mix is the combination of different promotional channels that is used to communicate a promotional message. This will involve an appropriate selection from the range of tools that are available for use as part of the promotional mix. The tools in the promotional mix include: Advertising. Any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by any identified sponsor. The pages of professional newsletters and magazines are common avenues for advertising information products. Direct marketing. The use of mail, telephone or other non-personal contact tools to communicate with or solicit a response from specific customers and prospects. Mail shots and leaflets inserted in professional magazines are used to promote information products. Sales promotion. Short-term incentives to encourage trial or purchase of a product or service, such as discounts for access to a database over a limited time period. Public relations and publicity. Programmes designed to promote and/or protect a companys image, or those of its products, including product literature, exhibitions and articles about organisations products in professional or in-house newsletters. Personal selling. Face-to-face interactions with one or more prospective purchasers, for the purpose of making sales. This is common within the business-to-business marketing transactions in the information industry, where sales representatives, often also with a support function, are common. Sponsorship. Financial or external support of an event or person by an unrelated organisation or donor, such as is common in respect of the arts, sports and charities. Large organisations, such as major publishing groups like Reed Elsevier, or software houses, such as Microsoft, may engage in sponsorship, but public sector organisations, in education and libraries, are more likely to be the recipient of sponsorship. Place According to Kai Li Hung Hung (2007), place is a marketing mix which describes whether the location is accessible and transport is convenient, place comes out as a heterogeneous phenomenon which is created by the company at each place combining resources; accessibility increases value to the customer. Kotler, et al., (2005) claims that place involves all activities of the company to make all products available to the customers. According to Mason Staude (2009), Place is the least changing marketing tactic. Distribution and availability are used in stabilising dimensions, communicating and creating a control as a link between supplier and customer, and reducing the probability to change suppliers, which actually stabilises the market. Backward and forward integration also reduce the uncertainty of retailer stocking the products, lowering the risks and stabilising the environment (Nilson, 1995). According to Boyle Proctor (2009), in the context of product sales, placement is actually distribution (Biech, 2003). In social marketing, distribution can be defined as dissemination channels (NWPHO, 2006). Clearly for dispersing channels to be effective they must be accessible to the target market (Boyle Proctor, 2009). Store location and layout The location and atmosphere of a store communicates information about the service and pricing to the customer. The physical characteristics play an important role in a customers mind (Levy Weitz, 2007 p 434). Store layout influences customer buying behaviour, stores can attract customers with their design and layout motivating them to make impulsive sales or give them a pleasant shopping experience (Levy Weitz, 2007 p 491). According to Davies Rogers (1984), guy (1980), Jones Simmons (1987) and Birkin et al., (2002) site selection and sales forecasting of retail stores are a important factor in retail management and retail geography (cited by Wood Browne, 2007). Store location is used in sales forecasting for retail stores and for determining the optimal location and sales of the store (Clarkson et al., 1996; Smith Sanchez, 2003). Superstores are one of the main formats through which food is sold increasing the money flow (IGD, 2005). The size of the stores is important and it is very expansive to open up a big store therefore accuracy in location planning is essential (Wrigley, 1996). Retail stores are dependent on the daily purchases made and regular weekly purchases this involves repeated car journeys from the customers homes, which requires space for parking near the store for easy access (Wood Browne, 2007). The location of a store affects the customer with sociological and geographical factor s (Wrigley, 1998; Meyer Johnson, 1996; Rust Donthu, 1995) (cited by Beyon, Griffiths, Marshall, Expert Systems (2002). Pricing strategy According to (Blythe, 2008 p 151), pricing a product is one of the most important issues for marketers; it is significant not only to the profit that is to be made but also to the quantity of products which are to be sold. Pricing also touches on all the elements of the marketing mix, pricing is the indication to the consumer of what a company expects in exchange; for the products being offered. Profitability of the company depends on the pricing strategy (Doyle Stern, 2006 p 225). Price may become a proxy measure for product quality when buyers have difficulty in evaluating complex products (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 316). Consumers are often confused in choosing a product; price helps them choose a product. A strategic viewpoint on pricing decisions may create new market space and opportunities for the company (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 317). Figure: Steps in selecting a pricing strategy Source: (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 321). A pricing strategy must be consistent with the retailers overall image (positioning), sales, profit, and return on investment goals (Berman Evans, 2007 p 498). Various roles of Pricing (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320) Pricing has few important roles in the marketing program of a company. Some of the roles are: Signal to the buyer Price is the easiest way to directly communicate with the customer. When comparing with other brands price is a visible difference to the customer. Price is also used in positioning the brand to show its quality or instead give direct competition with other brands (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320). Instrument of competition As the competitions between companies are high, Price is an element which can quickly attack competitiors. Price can also be used by a company to stay away from the competition if used strategically; pricing strategy is always related to competition with other brands or companies (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320). Improving financial performance Using a pricing strategy wisely, companies can generate revenues by forecasting about a product or brand to increase the financial statement in the short term or in the long term in order to survive the global competition (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320). pricing strategy has the biggest impact on the profit and loss statement of the company in the short run, Pricing is even more crucial in the long run; the primary purpose of business strategy is to offer consumers enhanced value so that price can be raised considerably above costs (Doyle Stern, 2006 p 225). Marketing program consideration Companies pay a price for marketing, in order to maintain or penetrate in to the market. Price strategy is also used for promoting products (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320). Consumer behaviour Blackwell, et al., (2006) defined consumer behaviour as the activities people undertake when obtaining, consuming and disposing of products and services. The activities are divided into three, they are: obtaining, consuming and disposing (Blackwell, et al., 2006 p. 4). Obtaining According to Blackwell, et al., (2006 p. 4) it is the process of purchasing or getting a product. This process includes comparing with other similar products, alternative brands and searching for more information of the product before obtaining it. Analysts often study these purchases in order to improve the understanding of the market; consumer buying behaviour is studied whether they are buying for themselves or as gifts, payment methods, and product transportation or delivery, how they get information about other alternative brands and how the brands influence the consumers product choices. Consuming According to Blackwell, et al., (2006 p. 4), it is the process or activity of using a product by the customer to his/her needs. Based on the consumption of the products researchers can study the consumer decisions whether the product is bought to be consumed in the office or at home, or for entertainment purpose or for its functional purpose, do they consume the product or do they dispose it without using it even once. Based on the consumption these buying behaviours are studied in order to understand the needs of the customers. Disposing According to Blackwell, et al., (2006 p.4), it is the process of getting rid of the product after its use or its packaging. And how do they dispose the product remains or the packaging, whether the packaging is biodegradable. Analysts think in the ecological point of view for this process. Consumer buying behaviour According to McCall, et al., (2009), purchasing decisions happen on daily basis and the most important factor influencing these decisions is the price of the product. For buying any product, price is often the most silent feature (Nagle and Holden, 2002). This can be used as an advantage to increase the overall sales by offering discounts (promotions) to the price sensitive customers (Soman, 1998). According to Saha, et al., (2010), Consumer behaviour is the study of how individuals spend their available resources on consumption-related items. It includes the study of what they buy, why they buy it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, and how often they use it (Schiffman and Kanuk, 1996). The main objective of marketing in the consumer buying behaviour context is to satisfy the needs and wants of the target customer. As a subject consumer behaviour also deals with the factors that affect the buying behaviour of a consumer. The study of consumer behaviour gives a clear idea that how consumer select, buy, use and dispose the product, service, experiences to please the needs and requirements (Kotler, 2003). Stimulus response model is the starting point of understanding consumer buying behaviour. The buyers characteristic and decision process leads to the purchase decision; a consumers buying behaviour is influenced by 4ps, cultural, social and personal factors (Kotler, 2003). The role of marketing mix is also important in making the buying decision by any consumer. The marketing mix consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for the product. The many possibilities can be collected into four groups of variables known as the Four Ps that is product, price, place and promotion (Saha, et al., 2010). According to Mowat and Collins (2000), for successful development in business, the company needs to understand and meet the consumer needs and expectations (Douglas, 1993; Knox and Theisen, 1981). Store layout plays (place) an important effect in consumer behaviour besides price and consumer expectation (Kotler, 1973; Eroglu and Machleit, 1990; Bitner, 1992; Baker et al., 1993; Baker et al., 1994; Grewal and Baker, 1994; Simonson, 1999; Baker, et al., 2002) (cited by Vrechopoulos Atherinos, 2009). According to Solomon, et al., (2006), consumer purchase is a response to a problem and a customer goes through a series of steps in order to make a purchase. These steps can be described as (1) problem recognition (2) information search (3) evaluation of alternatives and (4) product choice. After the decision is made, the quality of that decision affects the finals steps in the process, when the learning occurs based on how well the choice worked out. The learning process influences the likelihood that the same choice will be made next time the need for a similar decision occurs (Solomon et al, 2007 p.258). Brin (2004, p 85) argues that it is important to understand the characteristics of the consumers and their buying decision process in order to target them with the most appropriate and effective marketing methods, the management needs to understand and study this decision process on what particular product or service the consumers choose from; the brand they select, from which outlet they buy, what kind of product and the amount spent. It is useful to understand what influences the consumer (Brin, 2004 p 85). Some of the influences in buying roles in the consumer buying process are (Brin, 2004 p 85): The initiator: the very first person who thinks about buying a product The influencer: the person who influences other consumers in taking the final step of the buying decision The decider: the person who takes the final decision The buyer: the person who actually buys a product The user: the customer. There are different types of consumer buying behaviour, and the type of consumer buying behaviour changes according to the type of buying decisions. The main influence is the brands available to the consumer and the personal attachment towards the decision which influences the consumer to become a loyalty customer (Phillips, et al., 1994; p 85). Involvement can be a major factor in decision making; consumers often tend to develop a form of emotional attachments to products and most people would be familiar with the feeling of having fallen in love with a product, even when the product is totally unreasonable though the purchase may not have an important practical outcome for the consumer; the consumers future behaviour does not always materialise (Blythe, 2005 p 53, 54). Low involvement, low price, low risk High involvement, High price, high risk Few differences between brands Brand loyal Repeat purchasing Influenced by price And sales promotional offers Buying process is relatively quick because of the limited differences Significant differences between brands Brand switching but limited information gathering Information gathering and processing is important. Purchase decision is important Figure: Four types of buying behaviour Source: Phillips, et al., (1994; p 85) (Adapted from Assael, 1985 Kotler, 1988). According to Kapoor Kulshrestha (2009), Products convey different meanings to different people and this differing forms an attachment towards the products. According to Zaichkowsky (1985), attachment means the interest, the enthusiasm, the emotional level expressed by the consumer regarding a product (cited by Steichen Terrien, 2009). The meaning of the product depends on the nature of the consumers rather than the nature of the products (Martin, 1998; Rochberg-Halton, 1981). The consumer plays a role in his or her choices (Steichen Terrien, 2009); the decisions are principally based on personal perception followed by the cues sent by the environment with personal interpretation (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; Fazio, 1985). These choices have different attributes, and some of them are very salient; the choice of salient attributes also depends on the personal characteristics of the consumer (Steichen Terrien, 2009). Based on Uncles and Ellis (1989) the interplay of costs and benefits affects the retailers in making huge gross margins, many retailers are establishing their own labels as a part of retailing today. This allows the retailer selling products under their own name to differentiate their products and stock, from other retailers. Also, allowing them to have a full control over product price, quality and stocks (cited by Rothe Lamont, 1973; McGoldrick, 1984; Simmons Meredith, 1984). This will actually generate higher gross margins. For competitive edge over other stores and brands, retailers hope to build a relationship with the customer by lowering price and offering consumers better value for money without narrowing the product range (Simmons Meredith, 1984). Customer relationship strategy Relationships can obtain competitive advantage (Kanter, 1994; Kay, 1995; Huxham, 1996; Stone and Mason, 1997) (cited by Donaldson O Toole, 2002). Customer relationship strategy is based on mutual trust with the customers creating long term relationships; many researches conclude that customer relationship strategy has increased the profit margin for many firms (based on Lawrence, 2002). Long-time customers are less costly to serve and smooth running of relationships are inexpensive and less resource intensive (Lawrence, 2002). Long term relationships benefit both the buyers and suppliers (Szmigin, 1998). For the strategy to be effective, the component elements should be inter-related. When there is a strong synergy between the component elements the strategy will be eff

Phineas Gage

Phineas Gage Paper The brain plays a significant role in cognitive functioning. The human brain is made up of various structures, and each of these structures is responsible for specific cognitive functions. Scientists and psychologists have conducted many studies and experiments in an effort to pinpoint which brain structures are responsible for certain cognitive functions. In the past, technology was quite limited which left few options for studying the human brain. The only way to study the brain at this point in time was to perform studies on subjects that were already deceased. While this did help shed some light on cognitive functioning there were still many unanswered questions and misunderstandings about the brain and its functions. One particular case that has been linked to the brains role in cognition is that of Phineas Gage. Gage suffered a traumatic brain injury which altered his original cognitive functioning abilities. The case of Phineas Gage has left a lasting mark on the world of cognitive psychology and has been used as a prime example of how the brain affects cognitive functioning. Cognitive Functioning The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes as well as into left and right hemispheres. Martinez (2010, pp. 237) states that, â€Å"The cerebral cortex is the anatomical origin of the mind’s higher-order functions—reasoning, intelligence, creativity, and problem-solving—as well as the coordination of sensory input and motor control that helps us relate skillfully to our environments. † By segregating each structure of the cerebral cortex a greater understanding is achieved as to which section is responsible for certain cognitive functions. One important discovery was that the left and right hemisphere of the brain actually process information differently. Phineas Gage’s Life Changing Accident Phineas Gage’s life changing accident took place in the year of 1848. Gage worked on a railroad construction crew. When the accident occurred, Gage was using a tamping iron to fill holes in the ground with gunpowder. Doing so would allow space for the new railroad to be laid. Unfortunately for Phineas Gage, an unexpected explosion occurred which sent the tamping iron straight through his skull. The tamping iron entered through Gage’s left heek bone and exited through the top of his skull. Amazingly enough, Gage was conscious and able to walk just a few minutes after the accident took place. Due to the massive wounds, Phineas Gage was not expected to survive when he arrived to a local physician named John Martin Harlow. Harlow had to remove small bone fragments from the wound and then closed the primary wound o n the top of Gage’s head using adhesive straps and a wet compress. This allowed the wound to drain. Gage was never surgically treated for his wounds. Gage suffered three major injuries as a result of his accident. Despite the extremely traumatic injuries that Gage sustained from his accident, he was able to recover and by 1849 Gage was leading a seemingly normal life. However, shortly after Gage’s recovery those closest to him began noticing dramatic changes in his overall demeanor. His wife and family members noted a significant change in his personality. Harlow also noticed changes within Gage’s personality. Harlow was allowed to examine Gage’s body a few years after his death. By examining Gage’s brain and skull Harlow was able to determine what structures of the brain were harmed by the accident. This allowed Harlow to make connections between Gage’s change in behavior prior to and after the accident. He was able to â€Å"estimate from the skull that damage had occurred mainly to the left anterior part of the frontal lobes, including the orbitofrontal cortex† (Wickens, 2005, p. 160). This type of damage seemed to lead to inappropriate behaviors and a loss of social inhibitions, which were not apparent prior to the accident (Deakin University, 2010). Harlow’s observations allowed him to write several publications which became very significant within the field of psychology. His publications were aimed towards uncovering that damage to certain areas of the brain can result in dysfunctions within the cognitive system. Gage sustained the most damage to the orbitofrontal cortex. This part of the brain is believed to play a role in emotional behavior and decision making processes, which is likely why Gage experienced such a significant change in behavior after the accident. Gage’s accident is significant because it enabled psychologists and scientists â€Å"to associate that the frontal lobes are essential to cognitive and emotional self-regulation† (Martinez, 2010, p. 46). Conclusion Cognitive functioning is attributed primarily to the inner workings of the human brain. The major structures that make up the brain each play an exclusive role in certain cognitive functions. The discoveries made by studying Gage’s brain injuries and the effect that they had on his behavior and personality has made a lasting impression on the field of psych ology. Gage’s accident led to many new theories and studies to uncover how brain injuries and illnesses could affect cognitive functioning. Without a proper understanding of the brain and its crucial role in behavior and mental processes it would be impossible to comprehend the various cognitive functions that exist. References Deakin University. (2010). Phineas Gage’s Story. Psychology: Phineas Gage Information. Retrieved June 18, 2011 from http://www. deakin. edu. au/hmnbs/psychology/gagepage/Pgstory. php Martinez, M. , E. (2010). Learning and cognition: The design of the mind. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. Wickens, A. , P. (2005). Foundation of biopsychology. (2nd ed. ). New York, NY: Pearson & Prentice Hall Inc.

Want to Know More About Personal Narrative Essay Samples Pdf?

Want to Know More About Personal Narrative Essay Samples Pdf? Facts, Fiction and Personal Narrative Essay Samples Pdf Narrative can be organized in numerous thematic or formal. If you are concerned about the plagiarism issue, we provide you detailed plagiarism report so that you're able to see it on your own. Writing process of this kind of a paper is also an extraordinary experience. Templates like Descriptive Essay about Office can be beneficial for someone who's planning to pay a visit to an office. The readers would like to know the reason for the behavior of the characters. When you have grabbed the interest of your readers, now you can begin your story. Body The prey wasn't any farm animal this moment, it turned out to be a youthful child playing by the barn. The reader announces he or she has this fear'' and you need to keep reading to find out what that fear is. A very good engaging story is dependent on words. It may be used in such cases when somebody has impacted your life. You've got to mention every individual involved whether it is the principal character or a side character. Personal Narrative Essay Samples Pdf - What Is It? The notion of a compelling first-person narration isn't the just one. An outline is a significant part and it can help to organize and structure the key ideas. In case it's a personal narrative, it has to have details associated with personal experiences and their outcome. Besides learning these fundamentals, skimming through examples is also an extraordinary means of learning and utilizing the instructions correctly. Your essay is dependent on your private narrative, thus, don't neglect to add your voice and sensory details in it. Generally, personal essays are connected with scholarship applicati ons, examination questions, and several other that would ask you to present your response to a particular guide question or debatable matter. Every precise detail matters if you wish to assemble an excellent narrative essay. A personal narrative essay is just one of the greatest tools to stop social issues which are frequently disregarded. College life includes writing essays and application letters whether you're in the industry of company or literature. Students, utilize the work chart below to lead you in your own personal narrative writing. It is among the most frequent essays given as an assignment to students of distinct levels. Writing events in a chronological manner is the most significant element to remember when writing a narrative essay. They can help you construct your own essay in an easy to comprehend manner and accomplish your goal of explaining the principal idea with deep analysis and detail. These guidelines can help you fully grasp the fundamentals and help you compose an excellent narrative essay in less time. Bear in mind that a high degree of detailing is a feature of all very good narrative essay examples. The relevance to the primary statement you make should be quite apparent. Should you need some wonderful topic tips for your essay, review these interesting narrative essay topics recommended by experts to aid you with your essay. Additionally, your essay ought to be written based on the universal rules of grammar and literature. Personal essays, however, supply you with more freedom in contrast to the other sorts of essays. Nothing beats a distinctive and personalized essay. It will help to remain focused and keep up a consistent flow throughout the essay. The subject of the essay is easily the most important element of a narrative essay. Reflective essays are personal parts of the writer that they've translated into words. Writing a superb narrative essay could be difficult but it isn't impossible. To aid you in finding an excellent and remarkable essay, we've added a sample below. To assist you understand better, we've attached a sample outline of a very good essay. Essays term papers dissertations and a whole lot more. Order now and receive a top quality narrative essay. Read the writing prompts which have been assigned to you and read them carefully, because this will enable you to think about the period of the essay your teacher or professor have assigned. Your life story can likewise be thought to be a fantastic topic in writing your private essay. The very first step in writing a narrative essay is to make an outline. After reading our guide to writing a narrative essay you ought to be in a position to write it all on your own. I had to find work as a way to obtain the music I desired. Your selection for the structure always is dependent on the story you're likely to tell. You're on the right path. When you want an example written by means of a student check out our vast assortment of completely free student models.

The role of Non Verbal Communication in the Facilitation...

The ability to communicate with one another is of paramount importance to the success of the human race (Hartley, 1999). Communication is a dynamic process with the interacting components of sending and receiving information. Nonverbal cues may provide clarity or contradiction for a message being sent (Dunn, 1998). This is not to say that nonverbal forms of communication merely provide a modem of clarity for verbal communication, they can, and do, stand alone (Krauss et al, 1995). Facial expressions, body movements, gaze and posture can all be used to provide further emphasis to language communication or can be employed silently and still convey important messages (Danziger, 1976). This paper will discuss the role nonverbal communication†¦show more content†¦For example, when a lecturer attempts to give an explanation to a room full of students, the only way they can ascertain the students’ level of understanding is to watch for nonverbal cues. A nod and a smile provi des enough information for the lecturer to know that they can continue, as the information has been understood. Whereas a room full of frowns will convey that more explanation is needed and the lecturer can act accordingly. This example shows the importance of nonverbal communication in everyday, social life as without it the lecturer would have to rely on verbal feedback, which would be confusing and time consuming when a large number of students are present. Hartley (1999) had differing views on the role of nonverbal communication. He argued that ‘representation’ was also a key function in that nonverbal communication allows a channel for individuals to pass on points of view and differing perceptions and is a vital medium of information. This idea is supported by Krauss et al (1995) who studied hand gestures to determine if they help increase understanding. The results of this study show that communication understanding accuracy was better than chance when hand gestures were present. ‘Presentation’ also appears in Hartley’s (1999) definitions, but he argued that this category should also include the facilitation of how individuals wish to be perceived. For example, it is possible to give a message toShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Role Non Verbal Communication Plays in the Facilitation of Social Interaction and the Consequences of Its Absence on Social Relationships1510 Words   |  7 Pages1999). Communication is a dynamic process with the interacting components of sending and receiving information. Nonverbal cues may provide clarity or contradiction for a message being sent (Dunn, 1998). This is not to say that nonverbal forms of communication merely provide a modem of clarity for verbal communication, they can, and do, stand alone (Krauss et al, 1995). 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